Forward Backward Sweep Method MATLAB Code

The Basics of the Forward-Backward Sweep Method

In the forward-backward sweep method, we use two components—the forward sweep and the backward sweep. During the forward sweep, we establish all of our constraints, such as bounds on variables or equality constraints. This information is then used in the backward sweep to solve the problem iteratively until an optimal solution is found. In other words, during the forward sweep, we determine our limits and during the backward sweep we work within those limits to determine our optimal solution.

In the forward-backward sweep method, the “forward sweep” refers to the process of integrating the differential equations from the initial point (the “shooting point”) to the final point, while the “backward sweep” refers to the process of adjusting the initial conditions based on the difference between the predicted and desired values at the final point and then integrating the equations again.

Here is an example of how the forward-backward sweep method can be used to solve a simple linear differential equation:

Consider the differential equation:

dy/dt = -2y + 3

with the initial condition y(0) = 1.

The goal is to find the value of y at time t=1.

First, we perform a forward sweep by integrating the differential equation from t=0 to t=1 using a numerical integration method such as the Runge-Kutta method. This gives us a predicted value for y at t=1.
Next, we compare the predicted value for y at t=1 to the desired value (which we have specified in advance). If the error between the two is within a certain tolerance, the solution is considered converged. If the error is too large, we perform a backward sweep to adjust the initial condition y(0) and try again.
To perform the backward sweep, we compute the sensitivity of the predicted value at t=1 to the initial condition y(0). This can be done using sensitivity analysis or by using an adjoint equation.
Based on the sensitivity, we adjust the initial condition y(0) and integrate the differential equation again from t=0 to t=1.
We repeat the forward sweep and backward sweep process until the solution satisfies the boundary condition at t=1 within the desired tolerance.

This process can be generalized to solve systems of linear differential equations, where the initial conditions are adjusted simultaneously and the sensitivity of the predicted values at the final point to the initial conditions is computed using a Jacobian matrix.

Backward Forward Sweep Load Flow Example

The backward-forward sweep method can also be used to solve load flow problems in power networks. In this example, we will use the backward-forward sweep algorithm to solve the AC power flow equations in a simple three-bus network.

(Video) Implementation of Balanced IEEE-33 Bus RDS Forward - Backward Sweep Load Flow Algorithm

The load flow problem requires us to determine the complex voltage magnitudes and angles of each bus in the network to ensure an optimal power flow. This can be done by solving a system of nonlinear equations known as the AC power flow equations.

To solve this system of equations using the backward-forward sweep method, we must first initialize the complex voltages at each bus using an initial guess. Then, we will use the forward sweep to integrate the power flow equations from each bus and compute the resulting voltage magnitudes and angles at all other buses in the network.

Next, we will use a backwards sweep to adjust the voltage magnitude and angle of one or more buses based on differences between these values and their desired values. We repeat this process until convergence is achieved. Once convergence is achieved, we have determined the optimal solution for our load flow problem!

Finally, it’s important to note that while this technique can be used to solve simple linear and nonlinear problems, it can also be applied to more complex problems such as optimal power flow or unit commitment. By combining the forward-backward sweep method with other algorithms or mathematical models, we can solve even more complex problems efficiently.

Backward Forward Sweep Load Flow MATLAB Code

The following MATLAB code shows an example of how the forward backward sweep method can be used to solve a radial distribution network load flow problem, by providing line and load data this MATLAB program can be used to solve IEEE 33, 69 networks

clc,clear all, close all,format short;% m=load('loaddata33bus.m');% l=load('linedata33bus.m');Pg=zeros(33,1);Qg=zeros(33,1);m=load('loaddata33bus.m');l=load('linedata33bus.m');br=length(l);no=length(m);f=0;d=0;MVAb=100;KVb=12.66;Zb=(KVb^2)/MVAb;% Per unit Valuesfor i=1:br R(i,1)=(l(i,4))/Zb; X(i,1)=(l(i,5))/Zb;endfor i=1:no P(i,1)=((m(i,2)-Pg(i))/(1000*MVAb)); Pp(i,1)=m(i,2); Q(i,1)=((m(i,3)-Qg(i))/(1000*MVAb)); Qq(i,1)=m(i,3);endRpp = sum(Pp)Qpp = sum(Qq)Apparent_P = sqrt(Rpp^2 + Qpp^2);PF = Rpp/Apparent_PR;X;P;Q;C=zeros(br,no);for i=1:br a=l(i,2); b=l(i,3); for j=1:no if a==j C(i,j)=-1; end if b==j C(i,j)=1; end endendC;e=1;for i=1:no d=0; for j=1:br if C(j,i)==-1 d=1; end end if d==0 endnode(e,1)=i; e=e+1; endendendnode;h=length(endnode);for j=1:h e=2; f=endnode(j,1); % while (f~=1) for s=1:no if (f~=1) k=1; for i=1:br if ((C(i,f)==1)&&(k==1)) f=i; k=2; end end k=1; for i=1:no if ((C(f,i)==-1)&&(k==1)); f=i; g(j,e)=i; e=e+1; k=3; end end end endendfor i=1:h g(i,1)=endnode(i,1);endg;w=length(g(1,:));for i=1:h j=1; for k=1:no for t=1:w if g(i,t)==k g(i,t)=g(i,j); g(i,j)=k; j=j+1; end end endendg;for k=1:br e=1; for i=1:h for j=1:w-1 if (g(i,j)==k) if g(i,j+1)~=0 adjb(k,e)=g(i,j+1); e=e+1; else adjb(k,1)=0; end end end endendadjb;for i=1:br-1 for j=h:-1:1 for k=j:-1:2 if adjb(i,j)==adjb(i,k-1) adjb(i,j)=0; end end endendadjb;x=length(adjb(:,1));ab=length(adjb(1,:));for i=1:x for j=1:ab if adjb(i,j)==0 && j~=ab if adjb(i,j+1)~=0 adjb(i,j)=adjb(i,j+1); adjb(i,j+1)=0; end end if adjb(i,j)~=0 adjb(i,j)=adjb(i,j)-1; end endendadjb;for i=1:x-1 for j=1:ab adjcb(i,j)=adjb(i+1,j); endendb=length(adjcb);% voltage current programfor i=1:no vb(i,1)=1;endfor s=1:10for i=1:no nlc(i,1)=conj(complex(P(i,1),Q(i,1)))/(vb(i,1));endnlc;for i=1:br Ibr(i,1)=nlc(i+1,1);endIbr;xy=length(adjcb(1,:));for i=br-1:-1:1 for k=1:xy if adjcb(i,k)~=0 u=adjcb(i,k); %Ibr(i,1)=nlc(i+1,1)+Ibr(k,1); Ibr(i,1)=Ibr(i,1)+Ibr(u,1); end end endIbr;for i=2:no g=0; for a=1:b if xy>1 if adjcb(a,2)==i-1 u=adjcb(a,1); vb(i,1)=((vb(u,1))-((Ibr(i-1,1))*(complex((R(i-1,1)),X(i-1,1))))); g=1; end if adjcb(a,3)==i-1 u=adjcb(a,1); vb(i,1)=((vb(u,1))-((Ibr(i-1,1))*(complex((R(i-1,1)),X(i-1,1))))); g=1; end end end if g==0 vb(i,1)=((vb(i-1,1))-((Ibr(i-1,1))*(complex((R(i-1,1)),X(i-1,1))))); endends=s+1;endnlc;Ibr;vb;vbp=[abs(vb) angle(vb)*180/pi];for i=1:novbp(i,1)=abs(vb(i));vbp(i,2)=angle(vb(i))*(180/pi);endfor i=1:no va(i,2:3)=vbp(i,1:2);endfor i=1:no va(i,1)=i;endva;Ibrp=[abs(Ibr) angle(Ibr)*180/pi];PL(1,1)=0;QL(1,1)=0;% lossesfor f=1:br Pl(f,1)=(Ibrp(f,1)^2)*R(f,1); Ql(f,1)=X(f,1)*(Ibrp(f,1)^2); PL(1,1)=PL(1,1)+Pl(f,1); QL(1,1)=QL(1,1)+Ql(f,1);endPlosskw=(Pl)*100000;Qlosskw=(Ql)*100000;PL=(PL)*100000;QL=(QL)*100000;voltage = vbp(:,1)%angle = vbp(:,2)*(pi/180);% hold onIbrp = Ibrp*100000;Ibrp(:,1)PlosskwQlosskwPW = sum(Plosskw)QW = sum(Qlosskw)%Plosskw(33,1)=PL;Qlosskw(33,1)=QL;Power_Factor = (PW - QW) / PWVD=sum((1-voltage).^2)*100;Fit=PL+VD;%%% Power Factor = Real Power / Apparent Power% % Where:% % Real Power = Active Power (kW)% % Reactive Power = Reactive Power (kVAr)% % Apparent Power = Sqrt(Real Power^2 + Reactive Power^2) (kVA) %% EXCEL FOR DG% %EXCEL% T =table(Sr,Plosskw,Qlosskw,angle,voltage); % T(:,1:5);% excel_file = 'NO_DG_IEEE33.xlsx';% writetable(T,excel_file,'Sheet',1,'Range','H1');

IEEE 33 line and load data is also attached below

% Line Data % Sr fb tb R X 1 1 2 0.0922 0.0470 2 2 3 0.4930 0.2511 3 3 4 0.3660 0.1864 4 4 5 0.3811 0.1941 4 5 6 0.8190 0.7070 6 6 7 0.1872 0.6188 7 7 8 0.7114 0.2351 8 8 9 1.0300 0.7400 9 9 10 1.0440 0.7400 10 10 11 0.1966 0.0650 11 11 12 0.3744 0.1238 12 12 13 1.4680 1.1550 13 13 14 0.5416 0.7129 14 14 15 0.5910 0.5260 15 15 16 0.7463 0.5450 16 16 17 1.2890 1.7210 17 17 18 0.7320 0.5740 18 2 19 0.2640 0.2565 19 19 20 1.5042 1.3554 20 20 21 0.4095 0.4784 21 21 22 0.7089 0.9373 22 3 23 0.4512 0.3083 23 23 24 0.8980 0.7091 24 24 25 0.8960 0.7011 25 6 26 0.2030 0.1034 26 26 27 0.2842 0.1447 27 27 28 1.0590 0.9337 28 28 29 0.8042 0.7006 29 29 30 0.5075 0.2585 30 30 31 0.9744 0.9630 31 31 32 0.3105 0.3619 32 32 33 0.3410 0.5302

 % Load Data % Sr P Q 10 0 0 2100 60 0 390 40 0 4120 80 0 560 30 0 660 20 0 7200 100 0 8200 100 0 960 20 0 1060 20 0 1145 30 0 1260 35 0 1360 35 0 14120 80 0 1560 10 0 1660 20 0 1760 20 0 1890 40 0 1990 40 0 2090 40 0 2190 40 0 2290 40 0 2390 50 0 24420 200 0 25420 200 0 2660 25 0 2760 25 0 2860 20 0 29120 70 0 30200 600 0 31150 70 0 32210 100 0 3360 40 0

The Benefits of Using This Method

There are many benefits associated with using this method to solve nonlinear programming problems. First, it’s computationally efficient because it requires fewer iterations compared to other methods such as sequential quadratic programming (SQP). Additionally, its results are relatively simple and easy to interpret which makes it ideal for complex problems that require multiple variables and constraints. And finally, this algorithm can be used in both unconstrained and constrained optimization problems.

Backward Forward Sweep Method for Radial Distribution System

The backward-forward sweep method is also an effective way to solve radial distribution system problems. Radial distribution systems are networks of interconnected components (such as transmission lines, transformers, and substations) that are used to transfer energy from a specific source to various end users.

When solving IEEE 33 radial distribution system problems using the backward-forward sweep method, the network is divided into two parts: the primary system and the secondary system.

(Video) Backward/Forward Sweep Load Flow Analysis - Part I

The backward-forward sweep method then works by first solving for the current flowing through each component in the primary system.

Next, voltages at both ends of each transmission line in the primary system are calculated in a forward sweep.

Afterwards, the secondary system is solved by performing a “backward sweep” of current and voltage values from the end of each transmission line in the primary system.

Finally, the current and voltage values at various nodes in the secondary system are calculated by integrating the equations again.

By repeating this process, the desired values at the final point can be calculated and used to optimize system performance.

Forward Backward Sweep Method MATLAB Code - (1)

Backward Forward Sweep Method and Gauss Seidel Method

The backward-forward sweep method is similar to the Gauss-Seidel method, which is an iterative method for solving systems of linear equations. Like the backward-forward sweep method, the Gauss-Seidel method involves updating the variables in an orderly fashion (in this case, the variables in the linear equations) and using the updated values to improve the solution at each iteration.

Both the backward-forward sweep method and the Gauss-Seidel method are examples of iterative methods that involve updating variables and using the updated values to improve the solution at each iteration. However, the backward-forward sweep method is specifically used to solve systems of differential equations, while the Gauss-Seidel method is used to solve systems of linear equations.

Downsides of the Forward Backward sweep method

There are a few potential downsides to using the forward-backward sweep method to solve systems of differential equations:

The method may be computationally intensive, especially for large or complex systems of differential equations. This is because the algorithm involves integrating the equations multiple times and adjusting the initial conditions at each iteration.
The method may converge slowly or fail to converge altogether if the initial conditions are not chosen carefully. This can be particularly problematic for nonlinear differential equations, which may have multiple solutions or no solutions at all, and may be more sensitive to the initial conditions.
The method may not be suitable for systems of differential equations that have discontinuities or singularities. These types of equations may require the use of more specialized numerical methods.
The method assumes that the solution is a smooth function of the initial conditions, which may not always be the case. This can limit the applicability of the method to certain types of problems.

Overall, the forward-backward sweep method can be an effective method for solving systems of differential equations, but it is not always the best choice for every problem. The choice of numerical method should depend on the specific characteristics of the problem being solved.

(Video) DISTRIBUTION LOADFLOW OF IEEE 33 BUS RDS USING FOREWARD/BACKWARD SWIP WITH POWER SUMMATION METHOD

Conclusion

Overall, if you’re looking for a reliable algorithm that can provide accurate solutions without requiring too much computational power or effort then consider using the forward-backward sweep method. This iterative approach has many advantages including efficiency, simplicity of results, and availability for both constrained and unconstrained optimization problems. So if you’re looking for a reliable optimization algorithm then this might be just what you need!

Forward Backward Sweep Method MATLAB Code - (2023)